The EU ’s other big concession was cutting its own tariffs on American cars and other industrial goods to zero, as well as giving some farm and fishery products better access to the European market. The liberalisation affects about a quarter of America’s exports to the EU, including cars and footwear; the rest already enter tariff-free.

Donald Trump has agreed a trade deal with the EU Commission president after he played a round of golf on the second full day of his visit to Scotland. The US president shook hands on the deal with Ursula von der Leyen at his luxury Turnberry resort, saying: "It's going to bring us closer together... it's a partnership in a sense."